03 Mar 2021 --- US scientists have reprogrammed E. coli to produce chondroitin sulfate, a polysaccharide molecule used in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Chondroitin sulfate is best known as a joint health dietary supplement to aid arthritis and is currently sourced from cow trachea. A new Nature Communications-published study shows it is possible to produce these polysaccharides in an animal-free fashion while remaining structurally the same.